• 詳情請瀏覽（哪些病因會導致慢性腎臟??？）

風險因素

大多數(shù)導致慢性腎功能衰竭的原因也是該病的風險因素。除糖尿病和高血壓外，其他一些風險因素包括

• 有腎病家族史
• 年齡較大，因為慢性腎臟病在60歲以上的人群中更為常見
• 肥胖
• 患有心臟病
• 腎臟曾受過損傷

診斷

診斷慢性腎臟病時，醫(yī)生可能會檢查是否有慢性腎臟病的跡象，并詢問患者的癥狀。他們還可能要求進行以下檢查：

• 尿液檢查：尿液檢查有助于確定是否存在白蛋白。當腎臟受損時，尿液中就會出現(xiàn)白蛋白。
• 腎臟掃描：醫(yī)生通常使用超聲波掃描來評估腎臟的大小和形狀。在較罕見的情況下，他們也可能使用核磁共振成像或CT掃描。CT掃描涉及對腎臟有毒的染料，因此不常用。
• 腎活檢：醫(yī)生會提取一小塊腎組織樣本，檢查細胞是否受損。對腎臟組織進行分析更容易對腎臟疾病做出準確診斷。
• 胸部X光檢查：胸透的目的是檢查肺水腫，即肺部積水。
• 腎小球濾過率：顯示腎臟過濾廢物的能力。

并發(fā)癥

如果慢性腎功能衰竭發(fā)展為腎衰竭，并發(fā)癥可能包括

• 貧血
• 體液滯留
• 痛風
• 心臟病
• 高鉀血癥，即血鉀水平升高，可能導致心臟損傷
• 代謝性酸中毒，即體內(nèi)酸積聚
• 骨軟化癥，即由于缺乏維生素D導致骨骼變得脆弱并容易斷裂
• 心包炎，即心臟周圍的囊狀膜發(fā)炎
• 繼發(fā)性甲狀腺功能亢進癥，即維生素D、鈣和磷水平失衡

• 詳情請瀏覽（慢性腎病有哪些并發(fā)癥？）

預防和管理

糖尿病等一些疾病會增加患慢性腎功能衰竭的風險?？刂铺悄虿】梢越档突寄I衰竭的風險。個人應遵循醫(yī)生的指示、建議和意見。

飲食

健康飲食有助于降低血壓。一些有益心臟健康的食物包括

• 水果和蔬菜
• 全谷物
• 瘦肉
• 魚類

體育鍛煉

經(jīng)常參加體育鍛煉是保持健康血壓水平的理想方式。它還有助于控制糖尿病和心臟病等慢性疾病。

個人應向醫(yī)生咨詢運動計劃是否適合自己的年齡、體重和健康狀況。

避免服用某些藥物

過度酗酒和吸毒以及長期接觸重金屬（如鉛、燃料、溶劑和其他有毒化學物質(zhì)）都可能導致腎臟疾病。

預期壽命

慢性腎臟病患者的預期壽命會因他們所處的階段而有所不同。2017的研究指出，GFR為60毫升/分鐘/1.73平方米及以下的人預期壽命較短。不過，作者并未提及1期或2期CKD患者的預期壽命。

如果一個人患有晚期慢性腎功能衰竭，他們的預期壽命可能取決于他們所接受的治療。這也取決于他們對治療計劃的遵守程度，以及他們是否有其他健康問題。

接受透析治療者的平均預期壽命為5-10年。不過，透析患者還可以再活20-30年。

重要的是要知道，即使進行透析，也有20%-50%的終末期CKD患者會在兩年內(nèi)死亡。

接受活體腎移植的人可以存活15-20年，然后再需要另一個腎臟。接受遺體腎臟移植的患者可能在10-15年后需要另一個腎臟。

總結(jié)

通常情況下，人們直到腎功能下降到正常容量的15%時才意識到自己患有這種疾病。此時，他們已經(jīng)患有慢性腎功能衰竭，需要進行透析或腎移植。

預防主要依靠控制糖尿病和高血壓等主要病因。不過，還有其他一些疾病，包括腎損傷和重金屬中毒，也會導致慢性腎功能衰竭。

有患病風險或擔心患病的人應該向醫(yī)生咨詢檢測事宜。通過飲食和運動養(yǎng)成健康的生活方式也有助于預防 CKD。

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